恶的问题反而证明上帝存在（普兰丁格）

核心论证 Core Argument

恶的问题通常被用来反对上帝的存在，但仔细分析会发现，恶的存在实际上预设了客观道德标准——而客观道德标准指向上帝。当无神论者说“世界上存在着真正的恶”时，他们在不自觉地借用有神论的资源。在纯粹自然主义的世界观中，自然界没有善恶之分：狮子吃羚羊不是“恶”，地震海啸也不是“恶”，它们只是自然事件。只有在一个由道德完善的上帝所创造、有目的、有意义的宇宙中，“恶”这个概念才真正有意义。普兰丁格的自由意志辩护进一步表明，上帝创造拥有自由意志的存在是可能的善，而自由意志的滥用是恶的来源，上帝允许恶是为了更大的善。

The problem of evil is typically wielded against God's existence, but careful analysis reveals that evil's existence actually presupposes an objective moral standard — which points to God. When atheists say 'real evil exists in the world,' they unwittingly borrow theistic resources. In a purely naturalistic worldview, nature has no moral dimension: a lion eating a gazelle is not 'evil,' earthquakes are not 'evil' — they are simply natural events. Only in a universe created by a morally perfect God with purpose and meaning does the concept of 'evil' truly make sense. Plantinga's Free Will Defense further shows that God's creation of free beings is a possible good, the misuse of free will is the source of evil, and God permits evil for a greater good.